Mount Fuji: Japan’s Iconic Volcano

Mount Fuji (富士山, Fujisan) is the tallest and most famous mountain in Japan, standing at 3,776 meters (12,389 feet). It is an active stratovolcano located on Honshu Island, approximately 100 kilometers (62 miles) southwest of Tokyo. Mount Fuji is not only a natural wonder but also a cultural and spiritual symbol of Japan, deeply embedded in its history, religion, and art. This article explores the geological features, historical significance, cultural impact, and tourism aspects of Mount Fuji.

1. Geological Features

1.1 Formation and Structure

Mount Fuji is a stratovolcano, meaning it is composed of multiple layers of hardened lava, volcanic ash, and rock. The volcano was formed over hundreds of thousands of years through repeated eruptions and lava flows. Scientists believe that the present-day Mount Fuji is actually the result of three successive volcanic stages:

Komitake Volcano (over 700,000 years ago) – The oldest and lowest part of the mountain.
Old Fuji Volcano (100,000–10,000 years ago) – A large volcanic formation that preceded the current mountain.
Young Fuji Volcano (began forming around 10,000 years ago) – The present-day Mount Fuji, shaped by frequent eruptions.

1.2 Eruption History

Mount Fuji is classified as an active volcano, but it has not erupted since 1707 during the Hōei eruption. This eruption was caused by a powerful earthquake that triggered a massive ash explosion. The ash spread as far as Edo (modern-day Tokyo), covering the region in darkness for weeks. Since then, the volcano has remained dormant, but scientists continue to monitor it for potential future eruptions.

1.3 Seismic Activity

Japan lies on the Pacific Ring of Fire, an area known for frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Mount Fuji sits at the junction of three tectonic plates: the Amurian Plate, the Okhotsk Plate, and the Philippine Sea Plate. This geological positioning makes the area highly active, and experts warn that another eruption could occur in the future.

2. Cultural and Spiritual Significance

2.1 A Sacred Mountain

Mount Fuji has been a sacred site in Japanese culture for centuries. It is closely associated with Shintoism and Buddhism, and many ancient beliefs consider it the home of deities. The mountain is particularly linked to the goddess Konohanasakuya-hime, who is believed to reside at the summit.

During the Edo period (1603–1868), pilgrimages to Mount Fuji became popular, with religious followers known as Fujiko climbing the mountain as a form of spiritual purification. Even today, many climbers see the ascent as a deeply spiritual journey.

2.2 Mount Fuji in Art and Literature

Mount Fuji has been a major source of inspiration in Japanese art and literature. The famous ukiyo-e artist Katsushika Hokusai created the world-renowned woodblock print series "Thirty-Six Views of Mount Fuji", which includes the iconic print The Great Wave off Kanagawa. These images helped to popularize Mount Fuji both in Japan and around the world.

Poets and writers have also praised the mountain's beauty for centuries, and it remains a symbol of Japan’s cultural identity.

2.3 UNESCO World Heritage Site

In 2013, Mount Fuji was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site, recognizing its cultural and historical importance. The designation includes not only the mountain itself but also shrines, temples, and historical sites surrounding it, such as the Fujisan Hongū Sengen Taisha Shrine and Lake Kawaguchi.

3. Tourism and Climbing Mount Fuji

3.1 Climbing Season

Every year, more than 300,000 people attempt to climb Mount Fuji. The official climbing season runs from early July to early September, when the weather is most favorable, and mountain huts are open to accommodate climbers. The climb is divided into 10 stations, with most people starting at the Fifth Station, which is accessible by bus.

3.2 Climbing Routes

There are four main routes to the summit:

Yoshida Trail – The most popular route, offering numerous huts and facilities.
Subashiri Trail – A less crowded trail with scenic views.
Gotemba Trail – The longest and least crowded route.
Fujinomiya Trail – The shortest but steepest route.

Climbers typically begin their ascent in the evening to reach the summit by sunrise, a phenomenon known as "Goraikō" (御来光), which means "the arrival of light from the sun." Watching the sunrise from the top of Mount Fuji is a breathtaking experience that attracts thousands of visitors.

3.3 Fuji Five Lakes

The Fuji Five Lakes (Fujigoko) region at the northern base of Mount Fuji is a popular tourist destination. The five lakes—Lake Kawaguchi, Lake Yamanaka, Lake Saiko, Lake Motosu, and Lake Shoji—offer stunning reflections of the mountain and opportunities for boating, fishing, and sightseeing.

3.4 Fujisan Hongū Sengen Taisha Shrine

This historic shrine, located at the base of Mount Fuji, is the traditional starting point for Fuji pilgrimages. It is one of the most important Shinto shrines in Japan and is dedicated to the mountain’s guardian goddess.

4. Environmental Conservation

4.1 Challenges of Overtourism

Due to its popularity, Mount Fuji faces environmental issues such as littering, erosion, and overcrowding. Authorities have implemented measures like entrance fees, waste management systems, and eco-friendly hiking guidelines to protect the mountain’s natural beauty.

4.2 Climate Change Impact

Climate change is also affecting Mount Fuji. Rising temperatures are causing the snow cap to shrink, altering the mountain’s appearance. Scientists continue to study these changes to understand their long-term impact.

5. Conclusion

Mount Fuji is much more than just Japan’s highest mountain; it is a symbol of national pride, a spiritual landmark, and a natural wonder. Its stunning beauty has inspired countless artists and writers, and its sacred status has made it a site of pilgrimage for centuries. Whether viewed from afar or experienced up close through climbing, Mount Fuji remains an unforgettable and awe-inspiring destination.

As one of Japan’s most beloved icons, efforts to preserve its natural and cultural heritage continue, ensuring that future generations can appreciate its majesty. Whether you are a climber, a photographer, or sim ply an admirer of nature, Mount Fuji offers an experience like no other.

Thursday, 6 March 2025