London Heathrow Airport – A Comprehensive Overview

Introduction

London Heathrow Airport (IATA: LHR, ICAO: EGLL) is not just one of the busiest airports in the United Kingdom but also one of the most significant global aviation hubs. Located in the London Borough of Hillingdon, approximately 14 miles (23 kilometers) west of Central London, Heathrow has become synonymous with international air travel and serves as a gateway connecting Britain to the rest of the world. Operated by Heathrow Airport Holdings and owned by a group of international investors, Heathrow has played a critical role in shaping the history and future of global aviation.

This comprehensive account explores the airport’s history, infrastructure, operations, terminal details, passenger services, economic impact, sustainability efforts, and its future development plans.

Historical Background

Early Years

The origin of Heathrow dates back to 1929 when a small airfield called Great West Aerodrome was established on the site. It was initially used by Fairey Aviation as a private airfield for aircraft testing. However, during World War II, the British government requisitioned the land for military purposes, intending to use it as a base for long-range bombers.

After the war, the need for a large civil airport in London became apparent. On May 31, 1946, Heathrow officially opened as London Airport. It wasn’t until 1966 that it was renamed London Heathrow Airport.

Expansion and Modernization

The early airport featured temporary tents to handle passengers, but over the decades, Heathrow underwent extensive modernization. By the 1950s and 60s, dedicated terminals were built. Terminal 3 opened in 1961, followed by Terminal 1 in 1968 and Terminal 4 in 1986. Terminal 5, the airport’s flagship terminal, opened in 2008. Terminal 2, also known as The Queen’s Terminal, was demolished and rebuilt, reopening in 2014.

Airport Layout and Terminals

Heathrow Airport spans 12.27 square kilometers and comprises two parallel runways (Runway 09L/27R and 09R/27L) and five terminals, although only four are currently operational (Terminals 2, 3, 4, and 5).

Terminal 2 – The Queen’s Terminal

Reopened in 2014 after major reconstruction, Terminal 2 handles around 20 million passengers annually. It serves as the main terminal for Star Alliance member airlines, including Lufthansa, Singapore Airlines, United Airlines, and others.

Terminal 3

Built in 1961, Terminal 3 is one of Heathrow’s oldest operational terminals and primarily serves long-haul international flights. It is home to several major airlines including Emirates, Delta, Qantas, and Virgin Atlantic.

Terminal 4

Located on the south side of the airport, Terminal 4 was opened in 1986 and caters to both short-haul and long-haul flights. It is used by airlines from the SkyTeam Alliance and some non-aligned carriers.

Terminal 5

Terminal 5 is the largest and most modern of the terminals, exclusively used by British Airways and its partner Iberia. Opened in 2008, it features a state-of-the-art design, including its own dedicated train system, shopping complexes, lounges, and more.

Passenger Statistics and Air Traffic

Before the COVID-19 pandemic, Heathrow handled over 80 million passengers annually, making it the seventh busiest airport in the world and the second in Europe after Charles de Gaulle Airport in Paris. Although traffic dropped during the pandemic, Heathrow has since rebounded strongly.

Heathrow operates flights to over 200 destinations in 84 countries, including major cities in North America, Europe, Asia, Africa, and Oceania. The most frequent routes include New York (JFK), Dubai, Dublin, Amsterdam, and Los Angeles.

Airlines and Alliances

Heathrow serves as the primary hub for British Airways and a major base for Virgin Atlantic. It is also a key hub for international alliances such as:

Star Alliance (Lufthansa, United, Air Canada, etc.)
Oneworld (British Airways, American Airlines, Qatar Airways, etc.)
SkyTeam (KLM, Air France, Delta, etc.)

The airport’s broad connectivity makes it a vital link in transatlantic and intercontinental air travel.

Facilities and Passenger Services

Check-in and Security

Heathrow offers both traditional check-in counters and automated kiosks. For many airlines, mobile and online check-in options are available. Security checks are stringent and follow international safety protocols.

Shopping and Dining

Heathrow is famous for its premium shopping experience. It features high-end brands such as Harrods, Burberry, Gucci, and more. Dining options range from luxury restaurants and bars to fast-food chains and coffee shops. Gordon Ramsay’s Plane Food in Terminal 5 is a notable highlight.

Lounges

The airport has several airline and independent lounges providing comfortable spaces for relaxation, meals, business services, and showers. British Airways operates multiple Galleries Lounges, and there are lounges for Star Alliance and SkyTeam passengers.

Transportation

Heathrow is easily accessible by:

Heathrow Express: A non-stop train from London Paddington to the airport in 15 minutes.
London Underground (Piccadilly Line): A more affordable option connecting Central London to Heathrow.
Bus and Coach Services: Operated by National Express and local providers.
**Taxis

Monday, 19 May 2025